Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen that causes severe multidrug-resistant infections in animals and humans. The S. aureus infection can be minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions like bacteremia, endocarditis, meningitis, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and osteomyelitis. Although the MRSA was found in humans and other animals in…

COVID-19, pandemic has become a significant threat to global health and economy after Spanish influenza of early 20th century. The emergence of COVID-19 has consequences for development of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The COVID-19 outbreak crossed the international boarders so rapidly to become pandemic, may facilitate the spread of  antimicrobial resistance…

The intensive use of antibiotics in different fields influenced the widespread of resistance in areas as diverse as hospitals, cattle stool, wastewater treatment plants, and drinking water.  Although primarily the spread of antibiotic resistance is associated with hospitals, antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) have been found not only in soil, freshwater,…

One of the drivers of antibiotic resistance is the lack of new antibiotics in the pipeline. The large pharmaceutical companies are now concentrating on drugs for non-communicable diseases which are more profitable. This review has attempted to bring forward the most complete and up-to-date information on the current preclinical antibacterial…

Because of the economic burden of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and its contribution to morbidity and mortality, it is gaining more political attention for which the encouragement of antibiotic research and development has a vital role. Although the financial incentives like market entry rewards (MERs) to accelerate research towards development of…

The global emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the use of antibiotics in the health care setup to minimize the secondary bacterial infections by which the threat of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and other superbugs is worsening. A study on covid-19 cases revels that frequent use of broad spectrum…

The rapid emergence and spread of multi drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a major public health threat. This problem is further aggravated by the dearth of novel antibiotics. Out of the various antibiotics undergoing clinical trials only few reach the final phase above that the tendency of bacteria now to overcome…

Misuse of antibiotics in animal and human health is a key factor in increasing antibiotic resistance worldwide. Reduction in the antibiotic consumption is the key solution to the aforementioned problem and it can be achieved through awareness among large population. Direk Limmathurotsakul, Jonathan A T Sandoe, David C Barrett, Michael…

The most biodiverse habitat on earth is the soil. It contains billions of bacterial cells, bioactive compounds including antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG).  These ARGs are transferred from soil to human through direct contact, food chain and as a transfer stop to water/air environment. In addition to this intrinsic…

The global problem of anti microbial resistance (AMR) is seen across human and animal population. One of the major driving factor for the AMR is the increased antibiotic consumption for treatment of diseases as well as for growth promotion.  The key action to address this issue is to raise the…