Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global crisis affecting humans, animals and the environment. The misuse or abuse of antimicrobials in the human, veterinary and agriculture sectors is the driving cause for worldwide AMR development. However, inadequate local sanitation, pollution, inappropriate industrial and municipal waste management, sewage sludge, spreading of animal…

The presence of microorganisms is ubiquitous and Aeromonas species is one great example. These are found in both aquatic and environmental habitats including sediment, sea water, estuary, sea grass, sea weed and water. Among various species, A. hydrophila is the most studied due to its ability to cause diseases in humans & animals as…

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the prevalent and opportunistic pathogen which causes infections that are difficult to treat. Along with the intrinsic antibiotic resistance property of P. aeruginosa, it is also know to grow and from cell aggregates or biofilm in the extracellular matrix. Biofilm helps the bacteria to survive in harsh…

Antibiotic resistance has evolved to become a global health challenge with increasing ability of the bacterial species to tolerate antibiotics. Despite presence of several barriers to the flow of genes, the bacteria continuously acquire antibiotic resistance factors from other species. The transmission of antibiotic resistance gene are known to occur…